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德国绿党 (字面意思（直译）: '90联盟/绿党), 是一个德国政党，whose regional predecessors were founded in the late 1970s as part of the新社会运动的一部分. In 1980 the party was founded as "Die Grünen" on a federal level in West Germany. It is the oldest and thus far most politically successful of the world's many green parties. In 1989 and 1990 numerous civil rights groups in East Germany combined to form "Bündnis 90", which merged with "Die Grünen" in 1993. Since 1998, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen have been part of the coalition government on the national level.
1970年代: 创立
在70 年代晚期, 环境保护者和和平活动家政治上被组织作为绿色(Die Grünen) 。反对对核能的膨胀的用途, 北约战略, 和生活的某些方面在一个高度工业化社会是主要竞选问题。重要图在第一岁月是- 在其他人中-Petra Kelly 和Joseph Beuys。
1980年代: Parliamentary representation on the federal level
In 1982 parts of the party broke away to form the Ecological Democratic Party. Those who remained in the Green party were more strongly anti-military and against restrictions on immigration and abortion, while supporting the decriminalization of marijuana use, placing a higher priority on working for the rights of gays and lesbians, and tending to advocate what they described as "anti-authoritarian" concepts of education and child-raising. They also tended to identify more closely with a culture of protest and civil disobedience, frequently clashing with police at demonstrations against atomic weapons, nuclear power, or the construction of a new runway (Startbahn West) at Frankfurt airport. Those who left the party at the time might have felt similarly about some of these issues, but did not identify culturally with the forms of protest in which Green Party members took part.
After some success at state level and the vote for the European parliament, the party first won seats in the Bundestag, the lower house of the German parliament, in the 1983 election. Among the important political issues at the time was the deployment of Pershing II IRBMs and nuclear-tipped cruise missiles by the U.S. and NATO on West German soil, generating strong opposition in the general population that found an outlet in in mass demonstrations. The newly formed party was able to draw on this popular movement to recruit support. Partly due to the impact of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, and to growing awareness of the threat of air pollution and acid rain to German forests ("Waldsterben"), the Greens increased their share of the vote to 8.3% in the January 1987 West German national election.
Template:Greens
1990年代:两德统一, 放弃议会
在12月1990 日竞选, 发生在新被重新统一的德国, 绿色在西方没有通过5% 极限必需赢取位子在Bundestag 。它只归结于德国竞选法律的临时修改, 分开地运用5 百分之"障碍" 在东德和西德, 绿色获取了所有议会席位根本。这发生了因为在前GDR 的疆土, 绿色, 在共同努力与B5undnis 90 (联盟90) (一宽松编组民权活动家以不同的政见), 能获取超过表决的百分之5 。某些人民归因于这恶劣的表现竞选的勉强迎合民族主义和爱国心流行心情, 反而集中于主题譬如气候变化(竞选海报骄傲地当时陈述: "大家谈论德国; 我们谈论天气!", 释义德国全国铁路公司的一个普遍的口号) 。在1994 年竞选, 然而, 党的西部分支回到了Bundestag 当绿色得到了7.3% 表决全国性和49 个位子。
1998-2002: 绿党作为执政党, 第一届
摄于2001党会1998年, despite a slight fall in their percentage of the vote (6.7%), 绿党获得了联邦议院47个席位并且与德国社民党组成了联合政府。Joschka 菲舍尔成为新政度的副总理和外交部长,除此之外绿党还在其他俩个绿党成员在政府中担任大臣(Andrea 菲舍尔, 后来是Renate Künast和Jürgen Trittin).
Almost immediately, the party was plunged into a crisis by the question of German participation in the NATO actions in Kosovo. Numerous anti-war party members resigned their party membership when the first deployment of German troops in a military conflict abroad occurred under a Green government, and the party began to experience a long string of defeats in local and regional elections. Disappointment with the Green participation in government increased when anti-nuclear-power activists realized that shutting down the country's nuclear plants would not happen overnight, and numerous business-friendly SPD members of the federal cabinet opposed the environmentalist agenda of the Greens, necessitating far-reaching compromises.
In 2001, the party experienced a further crisis as some Green Members of Parliament refused to back the government's plan of sending soldiers to help with the 2001年美军入侵阿富汗战争. 总理施罗德 called a vote of confidence, tying it to his strategy on the war. Four Green MPs and one Social Democrat voted against the government, but Schröder was still able to command a majority.
2002-...:绿党作为执政党, 第二届
Despite the crises of the preceding electoral period, in 2002, the Greens increased their total to 55 seats (in a smaller parliament) and 8.6%. This was partly due to the perception that the internal debate over the war in Afghanistan had been more honest and open than in other parties, and one of the MPs who had voted against the Afghanistan deployment, Hans-Christian Ströbele, was directly elected to the Bundestag as a district representative for the Kreuzberg-Friedrichshain constituency in Berlin, becoming the first Green to ever achieve this in Germany. Certain lobby groups which had benefited from Green-initiated legislation in the 1998-2002 term, such as the environmental lobby (Renewable Energies Act) or gays and lesbians (Registered Partnership Law), also rewarded the party with their votes. Perhaps most importantly for determining the success of both the Greens and the SPD was the increasing threat of war in Iraq, which was highly unpopular with the German public, and helped gather votes for the parties which had taken a stand against participation in this war. Despite losses for the SPD, the coalition government with the Social Democrats commanded a very slight majority in the Bundestag and was renewed, with Joschka Fischer as foreign minister, Renate Künast as minister for consumer protection, nutrition and agriculture, and Jürgen Trittin as minister for the environment.
One internal issue in 2002 was the failed attempt to settle a long-standing discussion about the question of whether members of parliament should be allowed to become members of the party executive. Two party conventions declined to change the party statute. The necessary majority of two thirds wasn't reached by a very small margin. As a result, former party chairpersons Fritz Kuhn and Claudia Roth (who had been elected into parliament that year) were no longer able to continue in their executive function and were replaced by former party secretary general Reinhard Bütikofer and former Bundestag member Angelika Beer. The party then held a member referendum on this question in the spring of 2003 which did change the party statute. Now members of parliament may be elected for two of the six seats of the party executive, as long as they are not ministers or caucus leaders. 57 % of all party members voted in the member referendum, with 67 % voting in favor of the change. The referendum was only the second in the history of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, the first having been held about the merger of the Greens and Bündnis 90. In 2004, after Angelika Beer was elected to the European parliament, Claudia Roth was elected to replace her as party chair.
The only party convention in 2003 was planned for November 2003, but about 20% of the local organisations forced the federal party to hold a special party convention in Cottbus early to discuss the party position in regard to the Agenda 2010, a major reform of the German social security systems planned by chancellor Schröder.
The November 2003 party convention was held in Dresden and decided about the election plattform for the 2004 European Parliament elections. The German Green list for these elections was headed by Rebecca Harms (then leader of the Green parliament party in Lower Saxony) and Daniel Cohn-Bendit, previously Member of the European Parliament for Les Verts, the French Green Party. The November 2003 convention is also noted because it was the first convention of a German political party ever using an electronic voting system.
The Greens gained a record 13 of Germany's 99 seats in these elections, particularly on the back of the perceived competence of Green ministers in the federal government and the unpopularity of the SPD.
Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Rebecca Harms at the " olitical Ash Wednesday" 2004 in Biberach/Riss
当前事件
The Greens are currently the target of the German Visa Affair 2005, a discussion instigated in the media by the CDU. At the end of April, 2005, they celebrated the decommissioning of the Obrigheim nuclear power plant. They are also continuing to support a bill for an Anti-Discrimination Law in the Bundestag. In May, 2005, electors in North Rhine-Westphalia will decide over the future of the only remaining red-green coalition at the provincial (Länder) level of government, after Heide Simonis failed to win a majority in the Schleswig-Holstein parliament for the continuation of the Green participation in government there. |
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IP卡
狗仔卡
发表于 2005-7-17 12:52:00
发表于 2005-7-18 21:58:00
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